Translation and Meaning of: 彫刻 - choukoku

Explanation and Etymology - (彫刻) choukoku

The word 「彫刻」 (choukoku) is a Japanese term that translates to "sculpture" in English. This term is composed of two distinct kanji: 「彫」 which refers to "carving" or "sculpting," and 「刻」 which means "to engrave" or "to sculpt in time." The combination of the two characters encapsulates the art of creating three-dimensional forms in solid materials, which is at the heart of the sculptural practice. Sculpture, as a form of art, has a long history both in Japan and in other cultures around the world, and the term helps to encapsulate this rich and diverse tradition.

Exploring the etymology of 「彫刻」 more deeply, the first kanji 「彫」 contains the radicals 「周」 which implies "to surround" or "to envelop" and 「刂」 which represents "knife." This suggests an action of meticulously working around a shape, something crucial in the practice of sculpting. The kanji 「刻」 is composed of the radicals 「亥」 which originally symbolizes "time" and 「刂」 again, reinforcing the action of carving or engraving. Thus, etymology gives us insight into the nuances of the traditional practice of sculpting, which is like engraving shapes into time itself.

Historically, sculpture in Japan evolved over the centuries, starting with religious and ceremonial works during the Asuka period (593–710), when Buddhism was introduced to Japan. The wooden Buddha sculptures made during this period are sublime examples of choukoku. Moving through the Nara and Heian periods, the practice continued to develop, incorporating various materials and influences. In the modern era, 「彫刻」 has also expanded to include a wide range of styles and materials, demonstrating the adaptability and continuation of this traditional art.